Amitraz Poisoning Management | Case Study

Amitraz Poisoning Management | Case Study Title of the article: Amitraz Poisoning – A rare pesticide Poisoning Abstract: Amitraz, an insecticide/acaricide of the formamidine pesticide group, is a alpha 2 adrenergic agonist used to a great extent in veterinary and agricultural products for the treatment of ectoparasitic manifestations. In the current article we report the findings of a case of 22 year old female who consumed about 50 ml Amitraz poison by oral route as a suicidal attempt. On arrival to Emergency Department the patient presented in deep comatose state, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypothermia, and hyperglycemia.she recovered completely within 48 hours with adequate supportive care. The case report throws considerable light on the management of Amitraz poisoning, good prognosis with early recognition, initial stabilisation, reducing absorption, supportive management with Iv fluids, airway management, monitoring urine output and other supportive care, very few cases of intoxications in human beings due to the pesticide have been published in literature It has be come imparative to intruct the pesticide manufacturers to initiate suitable measures to decrease the incidence of Amitraz poisoning by prominent and clear warning labels on the containers and potential hazards of the compound. Key-words: Amitraz; poisoning ; alpha 2 adrenergic agonist; miosis Key Messages [D1]: Introduction Amitraz, a triazapentadiene compound and a member of the amidine chemical family is a formamidine pesticides which is increasingly being used as an insecticide and an acaricide to control animal ectoparasites [1-3]. The formulations available for chemical use contain 12.5-50% in an organic solvent called xylene, which itself is used in plant cleaners and glues[4].Amitraz is a Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist stimulating alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in the Central Nervous System(CNS).and both alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in the periphery. Poisoning occurs throgh oral, inhalational (the mostpotential), and dermal routes and is accompanied by numerous signs and symptoms varying from CNS depression (drowsiness, coma, and convulsion), to miosis, or rarely, mydriasis, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia or fever, hyperglycemia, polyuria, vomiting, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and intestinal distension [4].Adverse effects and side effects have been re ported in animals exposed to the product : however only few cases of human toxication have been published in Indian literature. we present a young female patient with Amitraz poisoning who was conservatively managed with complete recovery hence significantly contributing to the limited human toxicological data. Case History[D2]: An 22 year old female was brought to our Emergency Department (ED) with a history of suicidal consumption of about 50 ml Amitraz poison eight hours before being brought to our ED, her first symptom had begun about 30 minutes post ingesion and included nausea and vomiting, thus she was taken to a hospital in their locality where intravenous crystalloids were started and referred to our centre. On arrival to our department the patient was deeply comatose with a GCS scale of 4/15. Her pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature were 50/min, blood pressure was 92/64 mm of Hg, 16/minand 36.8 degree celsius respectively. On examination of CNS her pupil were bilaterally constricted, all four limbs had hypotonia and there was bilateral flexor plantar response. Other systemic examination were normal, there was no exessive oral secretions or any fasciculations.Gastric lavage with activated charcoal was given and patients airway was secured with endotracheal intubation due to l ow GCS.she was then admitted to ICU for further management her lab tests (Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, renal function tests, liver function tests), serum pseudocholinestrase levels, electrocardiography, routine urine tests and chest xray were normal except glucose level of 192 mg/dl.A urine test for drugs of abuse was negative and blood alcohol levels were normal. Ct brain plain was done which was normal.She was treated with supportive care in the ICU with IV Flluids, respiratory and cardiac monitoring, Atropine (once 2mg stat) was adminitered for transient bradycardia.over the next 24 hours she gradually improved and was extubated. Her vitals signs were Heart rate of 70/min and blood pressure was 110/70 mm of Hg. By the following day she was completely concious and was able to answer the question and she was shifted to general ward and was discharged after consultation with a psychiatrist. Discussion: Amitraz is increasingly being used worldwide in veterinary and agricultural products for the treatment of ectoparasitic manifestations. Formamidines show reversible toxic effects on both animals and humans [1]. The present knowledge about Amitraz and Foramine pesticides is usually built on animal studies as the available human intoxication is limited. It can cause poisoning in animals and humans via oral, inhalational or dermal routes. The toxicity from this poisoning can be attributed both Amitraz and the solvent, xylene. Although the ingested dose of Amitraz can not be determined because it is diluted 1 part in 500 before usage. The acute oral medical lethal dose(LD50) for the rats is 800/kg body weight.[3, 4]. The clinical features of this poisoning reported in previous reports include CNS depression, drowsiness, vomiting, miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and hyperglycemia. The duration of CNS depression has ranged from a few hours to 24 h [4]. CNS symptoms began within 120-180 m inutes and resolved within 12-24 hrs in our case. Sedative effects of ÃŽ ±2-agonists are dose dependent[1]. Coma, absence of light reflex, and respiratory failure are due to the ingestion of greater amounts of amitraz supporting its dose-dependent effects. Our patient was fully conscious after 48hrs. This time has been reported to be 2-48 h in previous reports. The effect of amitraz on ÃŽ ±1– and ÃŽ ±2-receptors causes bradycardia [5]. In addition, literature reported hyperglycemia, hypotension, and bradycardia in amitraz poisoning and attributed them to the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist action of amitraz [6]. In our case, bradycardia was also present accompanying with miosis. Co-existence of bradycardia, miosis, and the respiratory depression leads to confusion with organophosphate or opioid poisonings, both of which should be excluded. Using atropine for treatment of bradycardia is controversial. Most studies, however, have reported atropine to resolve both miosis and bradycardia. Atropine is the first line therapy for the bradycardia resulted from vagal stimulation and atrioventricular blocks. Alpha-2 adrenergic drugs can also cause bradycardia by stimulating the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Studies have shown that atropine increases the heart rate and prevents Amitraz induced bradycardia in Animals(2). In our patient atropine was given once with the adult dose. Amitraz and its active metabolites inhibits insulin and stimulate glucagon secretion, hyperglycemia was detected in our case as reported in previous studies by Demirel and colleagues[7] Kalyoncu and colleagues have reported hyponatremia in their three cases[9], Usually BUN, creatinine, serum sodium and potassium do not change with this poisoning, in our case creatinine, serum potassium and sodium were normal. Kalyoncu and associates have reported respiratory alkalosis in two, respiratory acidosis in three and metabolic acidosis in five cases[9], in our patient the analysis of blood gases were normal. Avsarogullari et al reported hyperglycemia and fast deterioration of the patients with amitraz poisoning(within 5 minutes of ingestion of toxin)[8] Whenever a patient presents with bradycardia and miosis, organophosphorus compound poisoning should be considered as a differential diagnosis a along with Amitraz. Other signs and symptoms of organophosphorus compound should be looked for and a cholinesterase level should be done. Amitraz levels in blood was not done because it was unavailable at our institute and other referral laboratories. It is made clear that the basic approach to a patient with amitraz poisoning involves initial stabilisation, reducing absorption and increasing elimination of the toxin. there is no specific antidote[2] medical management involves supportive measures like gastric lavage, activated charcoal administration and securing the airway. Depending on the patients condition additional measures like oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation for respiratory depression, atropine for severe bradycardia, intravenous fluids and vasopressors for hypotension, diazepam or lorazepam for seizures. This case report throws considerable light on the management of Amitraz poisoning, good prognosis with early recognition and timely supportive management as the available human toxicological data are limited. When appropriate timely supportive treatment is given, Amitraz intoxication in humans caries a low morbidity and mortality inspite of rapidly progressing and life threatening clinical picture. It has become imperative to instruct the pesticide manufacturers to initiate suitable measures to decrease the incidence of Amitraz poisoning  by placing prominent and clear warning labels on containers. References[D3]: Queiroz-Neto A, Zamur GSC, Carregar O AB, 182 Motoqueiro MI, Harkins JD, Tobin T. Characterization of the 183 antinociceptive and sedative effect of amitraz in horses. J Vet 184 Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:400-5. 1852. Agin H, Calkavur S, Uzun H, Bak M. Amitraz poisoning: clinical and laboratory findings. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41:482-6. Eizadi-Mood N, Sabzghabaee AM, Gheshlaghi F, Yaraghi A. Amitraz Poisoning Treatment: Still Supportive? Iran J Pharmaceut Res 2011; 10:155-8. Shitole DG, Kulkarni RS, Sathe SS, Rahate PR. Amitraz poisoning-an unusual pesticide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2010; 58:317-9. Jorens PG, Zandijk E, Belmans L, Schepens PJ, Bossaert LL. An unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16:600-1. Jones RD. Xylene/amitraz: a pharmacologic review and profile. Vet Hum Toxicol 1990; 32:446-8. Demirel Y, Yilmaz A, Gursoy S, Kaygusuz K, Mimaroglu C. Acute amitraz intoxication: retrospective analysis of 45 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 25:613-7. Avsarogullari L, Ikizceli I, Sungur M, Sà ¶zà ¼er E, Akdur O, Yà ¼cei M. Acute amitraz poisoning in adults: clinical features, laboratory findings, and management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44:19-23. Kalyoncu M, Dilber E, Okten A. Amitraz intoxication in children in the rural Black Sea region: analysis of forty-three patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:269-72. [D1]1 Provide appropriate messages of about 35-50 words to be printed in centre box [D2]1 Include the tables/charts at appropriate places in the text it self. Do not include images in the text. Mark the point of insertion of images (e.g. Figure 1) along with the legends. Send the images separately as jpeg files (not larger than 100 kb each) [D3]1 Follow the punctuation marks carefully. Do not include unnecessary bibliographic elements such as issue number, month of publication, etc. Include names of six authors followed by et al if there are more than six authors.

The Conscience of Companies Today

Organizational or corporate social responsibility refers to the obligation of a business firm to seek actions that protect and improve the welfare of society along with its own interests. Corporate social responsibility often challenges businesses to be accountable for the consequences of their actions affecting the firm's stakeholders while they pursue traditional economic goals. The general public expects business to be socially responsible, and many companies have responded by making social goals a part of their overall business operations (Hay, 1989). This paper will discuss four companies that have a conscience towards our today's society, and helped to create a better community for all of us, they are Johnson & Johnson, American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), Herman Miller, and Procter & Gamble. A crisis confronted Johnson & Johnson in the fall of 1982, when seven Chicago area residents died after taking Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules contaminated with cyanide. Not only was $400-million-per-year Tylenol the best-selling U.S. drug, but it was a product that symbolized the Johnson & Johnson reputation for quality, gentleness, and fine health care (Kreitner, 1990). Despite the pressures of dealing with national media coverage, J&J executive immediately opened their doors to the press and took great pains to keep the public informed about the situation. It soon became apparent that the cyanide had been put into the capsules after they had left J&J's factories, and the problem seemed to be confined to the Chicago area. Nevertheless, Tylenol sales sank to 20 percent of their previous level, and an opinion poll showed that 61 percent of Tylenol users intended to stop using the product. A major question that arose was what to do about the 31 million bottles of Extra-Strength Tylenol on drugstore shelves throughout the country. The FBI and Food and Drug Administration advised J&J managers not to take any drastic action. Even so, the managers promptly took the unprecedented step of recalling the unsold bottles, at a cost to the form of $100 million (Fortune, 1987). A few weeks later they decided to reintroduce Tylenol capsules in a triple-sealed, tamper-resistant package. In the months following the tragedy, the company established a consumer hot line and continued extensive cooperation with media. It also made a widely advertised refund offer to consumers for any pre-crisis capsules they still had, and its chairman, James E. Burke, appeared on the Donahue show. In an opinion poll taken 3 months after the tragedy, 93 percent of the public felt that J&J had done a good job of handling its responsibilities. In considering these events, David R. Claire, J&J's president, said, â€Å"Crisis planning did not see us through this tragedy nearly as much as the sound business management philosophy that is embodied in out Credo.† The Credo's first opening sentence is: â€Å"We believe our first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses and patients, to mothers and fathers and all others who use our products and services.† (Pearce & David, 1987) . Unfortunately, the importance of relying on the Credo was soon demonstrated again by another crisis. In early 1986, a 23-year-old woman died after taking a cyanide-laced Tylenol capsule. The company quickly offered to the replace capsules with caplets, tablets in the shape of capsules. The replacement effort cost J&J $150 million. In addition, J&J announced that it would no longer offer Tylenol in capsules-another bold and costly move in keeping with its Credo. The actions of J&J in the two Tylenol incidents earned the company widespread praise. Among Fortune's 300 most admired U.S. corporations, J&J was rated number one in 1987 on community and environmental responsibility. J&J's action in the Tylenol situation were unusually swift, decisive, and costly. In the mid-1990s, Tylenol remains one of the America's most popular and trusted brand names (Guzzardi, 1990). The product commands nearly one-third of the $3 billion brand name analgesic market. No other brand approaches have even 50 percent of Tylenol's market share. American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) established goals for reducing air emissions, CFCs, solid waste, and hazardous waste in 1990. Under the direction of David R. Chittick, AT&T's vice-president of environment and safety, the company has either surpassed its operations, AT&T invested $25 million to develop an array of alternative technologies (Business Week, 1987). One, called how solids spray fluxer, eliminates the need for CFC solvents to clean excess flux from electronic circuit broads. AT&T is now selling this technology to some 25 other companies, among them IBM. AT&T even gives its ideas away at times, to help to create a better and safer environment for all. The company managed to eliminate virtually all its ozone-depleting substances a year and half before company's goal, and 2 years ahead of the worldwide ban. Now AT&T does not have to worry about the new U.S. law that requires companies to put warning labels on all goods that contain or are manufactured with ozone-depleting substances. The company figures that the cost of tracking and labeling all the tiny components and switching systems that it once manufactured with CFCs would add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. The early phase out also will save AT&T $25 million annually. In addition, AT&T embraces total quality management (TQM) principles to solve the universal office pollution problem of too much paper. First, the company established a corporate paper reduction goal of 15 percent by 1995, then it created a corporate TQM team to figure out how to meet it. The department's TQM teams suggested simple ways to decrease paper consumption, such as eliminating cover pages and using electronic rather than printed media. The department was consuming 22 percent less paper within a year. Today, AT&T is one of the companies that has the reputation of saving the world. Company's ‘goes green' not only create a better place for communities, but also helping the company to save on a lot of costs. Herman Miller, Inc., proves that financial success and a constant striving to be a better corporate citizen are complementary, not contradictory, goals (Griffin, 1993). The company has long been as well known for its participative management system as for its innovative office furniture designs (Woodruff, 1991). The company is doing everything it can to lessen its adverse effect on the environment. It recycles leather, vinyl, foam, office paper, telephone books, lubricating oil, and even old office furniture. When it found that recycling 800,000 Styrofoam cups every year was not practical, it banned the cups and handed out 5,000 mugs. Instead of dumping into landfills the 4,000 tons of scrap fabric that it produces each year, it now ships them to a North Carolina firm that shreds them and turns them into insulation for car-roof linings and dashboards. Since 1982, much of the trash that can not be recycled has fueled Miller's waste-to-energy plant, which saves $750,000 a year in fuel and landfill costs and paid for itself in ten years, a decade ahead of schedule (Woodruff, 1991). Miller also recently spent $800,000 for two high-tech incinerators to burn the toxic solvents that escape during staining and varnishing. Miller's environmental consciousness extends beyond local and national products. One of the company's best-known products, the $2, 277 Earnes chair, was always finished with rosewood until the company's research manager realized that Herman Miller was contributing to the destruction of tropical rain forests. He consequently banned the use of rosewood and Honduran mahogany. Another test of Herman Miller's humane attitude came when some of its employees contracted the AIDS virus. When an AIDS victim in the company's Georgia plant decided to let the rest of the workers know about his condition, his supervisor took charge, acting as what Herman Miller Chairman Max DePree calls a â€Å"roving leader†. The supervisor told two managers, and then the three of them quickly told everyone in the plant, ensuring that rumors did not get started. On the next workday after the announcement, the company's director of health and wellness flew down from Michigan to show a video on AIDS and answer questions. With a history of such sensitivity to its environment and its workers, it is no surprise that Herman Miller tops lists of most-conscientious and best-managed companies (Nelson-Horchler, 1991). Procter & Gamble is another company that has a conscience by helping the community. The 23rd Summer Olympic Games will be held in Los Angeles, in July and August. This will be the high point of years of hard work and training by many of America's young athletes who are eager for an opportunity to make this country shine. But the U.S. Olympic Committee, which is responsible for fielding the U.S. team, depends on the American people to support these talented athletes. The U.S is the only major nation in the world whose Olympic athletes do not receive a continuing government subsidy. U.S competitors are supported solely by private donations. P&G has initiated several programs to help raise these funds, giving millions of Americans the chance to support this important cause (Cordtz, 1990). Five big separate coupon events, involving over thirty P&G brands, make up the company's Olympic promotions. They are designed to encourage consumer to purchase P&G brands and thus aid U.S. Olympic athletes. The company also sponsored a sweepstakes that helped to raise more funds. P&G Chairman of Board Owen B. Butler presented a check for $1 million, on behalf of the company to the U.S. Olympic Committee. P&G's past experience has taught the company to expect such business success. For the past four years, P&G has sponsored similar promotions benefiting the Special Olympics, and international sporting competition for mentally and physically handicapped children and adults. Business results have been very impressive. P&G helps itself by helping the communities. Four examples stated above say that corporate social responsibility does not necessarily lower profits but encourage firms to focus on long-run profits rather than short-run profits, and optimum profits rather than maximum profits (Post, Frederick, Lawrence, & Weber, 1996). Because of its obvious importance, organization proactively attempt to manage social responsibility (Van Fleet & Peterson, 1994). Moreover, the iron law of responsibility suggests that socially responsible behavior may have a positive long-run effect on organizational success.

Qu es el advance parole o permiso de viaje

El advance parole es un permiso de viaje es un requerimiento indispensable para que algunos extranjeros que se encuentran en los Estados Unidos puedan viajar fuera del paà ­s y regresar. Este artà ­culo informa sobre quià ©n,  deben solicitarlo, cuà ¡ndo, cà ³mo, costos, consecuencias de viajar sin solicitar este permiso y quà © formas puede tener una vez que es aprobado. Quià ©nes deben solicitar el permiso conocido como advance parole Son varias las categorà ­as de extranjeros que deben solicitar el advance parole para viajar al extranjero y regresar. Pero el punto comà ºn que tienen todos ellos es que son personas que està ¡n en la actualidad en los Estados Unidos y que si viajan al extranjero sin el permiso de viaje  no podrà ­an regresar porque carecen del debido documento migratorio, como serà ­a una visa và ¡lida o la tarjeta de residencia permanente.   A continuacià ³n, las situaciones en las que es necesario solicitar un advance parole o permiso de viaje: 1. Ajuste de estatus   La mà ¡s comà ºn es la de las personas que han solicitado un  ajuste de estatus  en el  proceso para adquirir la tarjeta de residencia (green card). Por ejemplo, algunos esposos de ciudadanos americanos y que cumplen con una serie de requisitos. Mientras se demora el proceso de ajuste de estaus, estas personas pueden viajar al extranjero siempre si tienen un advance parole. Sin embargo, no todas las personas en proceso de ajuste deben solicitarlo. Y es que existen las siguientes excepciones: las personas que ingresaron al paà ­s con visas K-3 (esposos de ciudadanos)K-4 (hijos de ciudadanos)H-1B (profesionales)   L-1 (transfer entre empresas) y que cuentan con una visa và ¡lida. Es muy importante el requisito de la validez del visado, ya que si no lo es, se deberà ¡ pedir el advance parole mientras se està ¡ en el proceso del ajuste de estatus. Asimismo, los que solicitan el ajuste porque ya tienen un estatus de refugiado o de asilado aprobado  y està ©n en proceso de ajuste de estatus para obtener la green card deben solicitar el documento para viajar al extranjero y poder regresar (ver mà ¡s abajo cuà ¡l aplica a este caso) y no el advance parole. 2. Solicitante de asilo Las personas que tienen una peticià ³n de asilo pendiente tambià ©n deben solicitar el advance parole antes de viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos. Pero no las que ya lo tienen aprobado, a quienes corresponde un documento para viajar (ver mà ¡s abajo). 3. Visa T o visa U aprobada La visa T se concede a personas que han sido và ­ctimas de trata de personas Por su parte, las visas U se otorgan a và ­ctimas de determinados delitos que han colaborado con las autoridades para resolver un crimen o lograr la condena del delincuente.   Sin embargo, cabe destacar que mientras se procesa la visa U o la T y està ¡ pendiente su aprobacià ³n, es aconsejable no viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos.   4. Accià ³n diferida aprobada Los muchachos y muchachas entre 15 y 30 aà ±os que hayan solicitado la accià ³n diferida, tambià ©n conocida como DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s,  y que ya la tengan aprobada pueden solicitar un advance parole para viajar al extranjero. 5. TPS Es una situacià ³n excepcional de proteccià ³n temporal que permite a los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses y que reà ºnen todos los requisitos seà ±alados por la ley permanecer en Estados Unidos y trabajar legalmente. En la actualidad aplica a ciudadanos de: El Salvador, Guinea, Haità ­, Honduras, Liberia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Sierra Leona, Somalia, Sudà ¡n, Sudà ¡n del Sur, Siria y Yemen. Quià ©nes no pueden pedir un advance parole Aunque una persona se encuentre dentro de las categorà ­as nombradas, es decir, ajuste de estatus, TPS, asilo pendiente, visa T o Visa U aprobados, no se puede solicitar el advance parole si se està ¡ en un proceso pendiente de deportacià ³n o expulsià ³n. Destacar que la excepcià ³n son los muchachos con DACA aprobado. Ademà ¡s, consultar con un abogado en todos los casos si es que se tienen una cita para comparecer en una corte migratoria o se tienen cualquier asunto criminal pendiente o una condena por un tema de delitos o faltas. Por otro lado, no pueden solicitar este permiso para viajar los migrantes indocumentados excepto, como ya se ha dicho, los muchachos con DACA aprobado, quienes en la actualidad se encuentran en una situacià ³n que podrà ­a calificarse de semi-legalidad.  ¿Cà ³mo se solicita el advance parole? Llenando el formulario I-131. Marcar la casilla correcta, ya que este documento tambià ©n se solicita para los casos en los que se pide un permiso de reentrada o un documento de viaje (ver mà ¡s abajo). Por lo tanto hay que checar dos veces para verificar que se marca lo correcto.   Si se està ¡ en un proceso de ajuste de estatus lo mà ¡s frecuente es que se envà ­e al mismo tiempo junto con el documento en que se solicita el ajuste y un permiso de trabajo.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo debe solicitarse el advance parole? Antes de salir de Estados Unidos. Ademà ¡s, tener en cuenta que en la mayorà ­a de los casos es necesario que le tomen al solicitante las huellas digitales (dactilares), para lo cual recibirà ¡ una cita. Si se viaja fuera antes de este trà ¡mite se considera que se ha abandonado la peticià ³n de advance parole, que queda sin efecto. Costos El costo de aplicar depende de la situacià ³n de cada uno y la razà ³n por la que aplica y hasta puede ser gratis.   Si se solicita el permiso de viaje junto con el ajuste de estatus y el permiso de trabajo ya no es necesario pagar una cuota adicional.   En los otros casos, la cuota es de $360, pero verificar siempre en el documento del USCIS en el que explica cà ³mo llenar el formulario, ya que esa cantidad puede cambiar.  Tambià ©n se puede verificar el costo llamando gratuitamente al USCIS a su servicio de atencià ³n al cliente marcando al 1-800-575-5283. Ademà ¡s, en algunos casos es posible solicitar una exencià ³n del pago y asà ­ saldrà ­a gratis.  ¿Cuà ¡nto se demora el advance parole? Suele tardar unos dos o tres meses en procesarse. Es posible solicitar una tramitacià ³n acelerada marcando al Centro Nacional de Atencià ³n al Cliente al 1-800-375-5283 o incluyendo una carta en la aplicacià ³n en la que se adjunta documentacià ³n que sirve para apoyar la peticià ³n. En casos realmente urgentes es posible que el solicitante se presente en una oficina del USCIS. Se puede buscar la mà ¡s cercana en esta aplicacià ³n. Bajar el cursor a mitad de pà ¡gina y ahà ­ clicar en el mapa de Estados Unidos encima del estado en el que se reside.   En este caso, se debe llevar la aplicacià ³n del I-131, un cheque para el pago de la tarifa, dos fotos tipo pasaporte y documentacià ³n de apoyo para demostrar la urgencia. Por ejemplo, un certificado de defuncià ³n o un informe mà ©dico.  ¿Cà ³mo luce e documento en el que se aprueba el advance parole? Una vez que el USCIS aprueba este permiso, puede lucir de dos formas: El documento que se conoce como I-512Una tarjeta de permiso de trabajo que sirve a su vez como advance parole y asà ­ lo dice el propio documento en la frase serve as I-512 Advance parole.  ¿El permiso de viaje o advance parole garantiza el ingreso a Estados Unidos? La respuesta a esa pregunta es negativa. Y es que siempre hay que tener presente que la à ºltima palabra la tiene el oficial migratorio de la CBP.   Ademà ¡s, tener en cuenta que las personas que ingresan, que son la mayorà ­a, son consideradas desde el punto de vista migratorio como parolee y, por el contrario, no es un admitted. Esta es una distincià ³n tà ©cnica y jurà ­dica que conviene tener en cuenta.  ¿Cuà ¡les son las consecuencias de no solicitar el advance parole? Se puede salir de Estados Unidos, pero el problema aparece en el momento en que se quiere regresar. El oficial migratorio puede impedirlo y en ese caso se tendrà ¡ que esperar fuera de Estados Unidos a que finalice el proceso. Ademà ¡s, en algunos casos en los que la persona ha estado en Estados Unidos ilegalmente por mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as puede saltar el problema aà ±adido del castigo de los tres y de los cinco aà ±os.   Finalmente, otra consecuencia es que se considere que se ha abandonado el trà ¡mite migratorio pendiente, con lo cual habrà ­a que iniciarlo de nuevo. Casos distintos al del advance parole, pero similares y que a veces se confunden Hay otros permisos para regresar a los Estados Unidos que no pueden confundirse con el advance parole. Se piden utilizando el mismo formulario pero se marca una casilla diferente. Las personas que tienen el estatus de refugiado o de asilado deben solicitar un documento que se conoce como documento para viajar para refugiados (refugee travel document, en inglà ©s), para estar capacitados para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos. Los asilados no deben confundir dos situaciones: cuando la peticià ³n de asilo està ¡ pendiente, que es un advance parole lo que deben solicitar, y cuando el asilo ha sido aprobado, que se debe solicitar un refugee travel document.   A veces existen confusiones porque se pide utilizando el mismo formulario, el I-131, pero son distintos los documentos que se obtienen. Fijarse bien en el cuadradito que se marca cuando se pide el beneficio. Tambià ©n deben solicitar este documento para viajar los familiares de los refugiados y de los asilados que obtienen este estatus de forma derivada. Por otro lado, con el mismo formulario I-131 puede solicitarse un permiso de reentrada, que es diferente al permiso de viaje o advance parole. El de reentrada es un permiso por el que deben aplicar los residentes permanentes legales o los residentes condicionales que van a pasar mà ¡s de un aà ±o. Y es que los residentes tienen la obligacià ³n de residir en los Estados Unidos y tienen que respetar ciertas reglas de tiempos en sus estadà ­as en otros paà ­ses. Por el contrario,un caso completamente distinto es el de los residentes permanentes que sà ³lo tienen la green card estampada en el pasaporte porque todavà ­a no han recibido la de plà ¡stico. Estas personas pueden viajar sin necesidad de pedir permiso previo. Parole que pueden pedir las personas que se encuentran en el extranjero para ingresar a USA Un caso completamente distinto es el del parole que piden extranjeros fuera de Estados Unidos para ingresar al paà ­s. Aquà ­ se hace una mencià ³n porque a veces se confunden con el permiso para viajar. Pero son cosas diferentes que aplican a casos distintos. Los casos de parole que se solicitan desde el extranjero son: Por razones humanitarias extraordinarias como razones mà ©dicas o legales, como por ejemplo, testificar en un juicio.Programa de menores centroamericanosPrograma de reunificacià ³n familiar para cubanos y haitianos Conclusià ³n Los extranjeros presentes en Estados Unidos con un proceso migratorio pendiente deben asegurarse antes de viajar a otro paà ­s si para ellos existe el requerimiento de solicitar un advance parole antes de salir. Y eso aplica asà ­ sea para cruzar a Canadà ¡ o a Mà ©xico a una localidad justo pegada a la frontera con Estados Unidos y por sà ³lo unas horas. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Financial Decisions Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2799 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The concept of cost of capital has been used in capital budgeting as the discounted rate or the minimum required rate of return. The cost of capital is the minimum required rate of return; a project must earn in order to cover the cost of raising funds being used by the firm in financing of the proposal. This can be substantiated as These funds can be procured from different types of investors i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Decisions Example For Free" essay for you Create order equity share e funds investors depends upon the risk perception of the investors as well as on the risk-return characteristics of the firm. The determination of the firms cost of capital is important from the point of view of both capital budgeting as planning importance of cost of capital are as follows: Capital budgeting decisions: In capital budgeting decisions, the cost of capital is often used as a discount rate on the basis of which the for of new capital expenditure proposals. The decision of the finance manager will be rate which equals to its cost of capital in order to make at least a break even. Capital structure decisions: The cost lso an important consideration in capital stricter decisions. The finance manager must raise capital from in a way that it optimizes the risk and cost factors. The sources of funds which have high risk. Rising of loans may, necessary that cost of each source of funds is carefully considered and the risk involved with it. Basis for evaluating the financial performance: The be used as a till to cost of capital funds raised to finance the project. If profitability of the project is when compared to the actual, the performance can be evaluated as satisfactory. Basis for making financial decisions: The employees as a tool in making other important financial decisions such as dividend policy, , working capital Factors affecting the cost of capital of a firm The upon he risk characteristic of the firm, risk internal phenomenon and a mental attitude. If stress is the condiment, strain is the salt and if there is an imbalance in the condiment-salt relationship, the result is impalatable. Stress is generally believed to have a deleterious effect on health and performance. But a minimum level of stress is necessary for effective functioning and peak performance. It is the individuals perception of the investors and a host of other factors. Following are some of the are relevant for the determination of cost of capital of the firm: Risk free interest rate: The risk free interest rate, If is the interest rate on the risk free and default free securities. For example, the of India are taken as risk free and default free in respect of payment of periodic interest repayment on maturity. The marketexecutive acts out of hope or success influence, orderliness, relevance, acceptance or growth, this is the approach style. The avoidance style is indicated by an executive acting out of fear of failure, helplessness, chaos, irrelevance, exclusion or inadequacy sources of demand and spply determines the If , which is consisting of two components: Real interest rate: the for the organization, the cost of recruiting, hiring and training new staff to replace burnt out staff is far higher than retaining and rehabilitating burnt-out workers. Often burnt-out individuals are the prime of their lives or peak of their carriers. Hence, it is not always easy to find replacements for them. You can always begin by analyzing your personality. If you move rapidly, are impatient with the speed at which events are taking place and try to do more than one thing at a time, you may be showing signs of burnout. Burnout can be avoided by finding a sense of importance in something besides work. Building relationship with the family and developing surrendering the funds for a particular period. Purchasing power risk premium: when a lender lends money, he infact lends his present acceptance or growth, this is the approach style. The avoidance style is indicated by an executive acting out of fear of failure, helplessness, chaos, irrelevance, exclusion or inadequacyor seeking others help or jointly working with others for the solutionpurchasing power ayment, he recovers the same face value money. But if the prices ha the same period, then he is not getting back the same purchasing power which he lend. Business risk: The business risk is related to the response of the firms earning before interest and taxes (EBIT) to revenue. Every project has its effect on the business risk of the firm. If a firm accepts a proposal average will probably raise the cost of funds so as to be compensated risk. This premium added for the business risk compensation is also known as business risk premium. Financial risk: The financial risk c the trauma of workplace bullying leaves the target feeling powerless, confused, disoriented, helpless and paralyzed. According to a survey, 45% of targeted individuals suffer stress-related health problems. Of those individuals, 80% suffer from debilitating anxiety, 39% suffer from clinical depression and in addition 30% of women and 21% of men suffer from postal stress disorder. In very rare cases, bullying has led to deaths from heart attacks and suicide. Normal well-adjusted members of society can also fall prey to destructive bullying tactics when their positions or authority are questioned. However when bullies histories are researched, most likely you will not find an affect the, known as the financial plan or the capital structure, can affect the return, etc. the financial risk is often defined as the likely hood that the firm would its fixed financial charges. It is related to the response of the firms earning per share to a variation in EBIT. The fi nancial risk is a affected by the capital structure plan of the firm. Higher the proportion of the overall capital structure greater would be the financial risk. Other consideration: The investors or marketability omay be due to the fact that more women are pursuing carriers and obtaining education. The research is trying to prove that women who have more trouble obtaining balancing their work-life and family duties go on to have fewer additional children. Flexibility in the workplace can be a huge relief to a person struggling to balance their carrier and home life. Until men and women reach a true egalitarian relationship this conflict will remainf the investment. Higher the liquidity available with an investment, the investors. If the investment is not easily marketable, then the investors may add for this also and consequently rate of return. In view of the above, the cost of capital may be defined as, k = If k = of different sources If = risk free interest f = financial risk premium The equation indicates type of funds, the business risk premium and the financial risk premium. If the a firm wants her first job at vacation within a year of qualifying as a chartered accountant. Mala plunged headlong into her new assignment. Her brief was to set up vacations management accounting division and design the information and reporting systems. Her job required her to work long hours late into the night. But Mala didnt mind; the culture at vacation and its working environment help to bring out the best in her. Two years later, Mala got married. But that didnt alter her style or her approach to the job in any way. It didnt take Mala long to realize that while the hotels industry paid accountants salaries that were higher than in many other industries such jobs lacked a certain depth. There was more to accounting than just departmental profitability, she felt, and a place like Vacation would not be able to provide her with the opportunity to learn and grow as an accountant. I am losing touch with what I was trained for. At this rate, I will be a misfit in any other industry she told her husband. Sensing her growing insecurit y, he advised her to keep up with the latest developments in finance by regularly reading to raise funds by the issue of security then, it must offer a return in he form of interest or. In other words the investor will be ready to supply the funds only a return which is at least equal to the opportunity cost of the investor. The opportunity cost of the investor may be defined as the return forgone, investment opportunity of the same or comparable r COST OF BONDS AND DEBENTURES The is determined by the following variables: The current level of. The level of interest cost of debt of the firm also increase. The default risk of the firm. As the d But she preferred not to dwell on the issues involved. The following week Mala was busy putting together a 200 page report which she had finalized the previous week for a joint venture. A preliminary presentation to the company was scheduled, but Desai insisted that she stick to the administrative aspects of the report even though they could have been delegated and although he knew that Mala was keen on working on the presentation herself. Desai was adamant for the first time and said something that rankled, lets be clear who the boss is. I am not going to submit in subordination. You may be a chartered efault risk of the firm increases the cost of bonds and debentures will also increase. One way is to se the bond rating for the firm; higher credit rating leads to lower interest rates, and lower rating leads t o higher interest rates. The of tax rate. The tax benefit that accrues from paying interest makes the after tax cost of debt lower than the pre-tax cost. The and is subject to the terms and conditions relating to the rate of interest, timings of interest repayment amount etc. the of the firm. In order to find of the cost of capital of debts, the following is required. Net proceeds from the issue: this refers to the net cash inflow at the time of issue of debt. This is calculated as Bo = FV + ndgd Bo = net proceeds FV = face value of debt Pm = owed at the time of issue of debt F = flotation cost Periodic payments of interest: in most of the cases, the firm has to pay interest on debt instruments. To simplify is assumed to be payable annually. Maturity payments: the principle amount of debt instrument or loan will be payable by the firm on the maturity date. This may be paid together with the interest for the lat year. COST OF EQUITY SHARE CAPITAL The holders of equity shares are he residual owners of the firm and provide long term funds expecting to be rewarded with an increase in the economic vale of the share. This value comprises the interlocking the market value of the share, which in turn is affected by the risks specific to the industry and to the individual firm. Equity share capital like other sources also has a cost. Just as in the case of debt the investors will invest the funds if they expect a With each passing day she found it increasingly difficult to perform her tasks meaningfully. Subordinates became less communicative and side stepped her preferring to deal with Desai directly. As if that were not enough Desai took to convening departmental meetings after office hours despite knowing that mala had to leave by 6pm in order to pick up her baby from the crà ¨che where he spent his day. Even so Mala often stayed back when the need arose. Desai began holding his meeting without even telling her and then bera ting her next morning about being absent. Desai became even more difficult in the following weeks. Finally, when it seemed to Mala that the impasse showed no signing of easing she decided to grave the bull by the horns. But Desai was curled and formal with her when she met him. You showed great promise when you joined. But I can now see how incompetent you are, he said throwing across to her a statement she had submitted to him the previous week. Even your subordinate who is not chartered accountant has found errors in your calculation and when all he data was right there under your noseÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. Mala could feel her palms and neck drenched in swept back her desk. Mala looked at the return from the firm, which they will compensate them for surrendering the funds as well as the risk undertaken. The return in case of equity shares is available basically, in the form of dividends from the firm. Therefore, the potential investors of equity share capital from th e firm. This stream of dividends may be discounted to get the present value of such stream. The rate of discount at which such streams are discounted to determine their present value is known as the cost of the equity share capital. WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL After calculating the cost of each component of capital, the average cost of capital is generally as overall cost of capital. The overall cost of capital may be defined as the rate of return that must be earned by the firm in order to satisfy the requirements of different investors. This overall cost of capital should as the weighted average rather than simple average of simple average of different. WACC = ke.w1 + kd.w2 + kp.w3 kd = after tax cost of debt kp = cost of preference shares w2 = proportion of debt in capital structure w3 = proportion of preference shares in capital structure The computation of the weighted average cost of capital involves the following steps: Calculation of the cost of each specific source of funds: This involves the determination of the cost of debt, equity capital, preference capital, etc. this can be done either tax basis. This is because the return to the shareholders is an important figure in determining the cost of capital and they can get dividends only after the taxes have been paid. Assigning weights to specific costs: This involves. Marginal weights method: weights are assigned to each source of funds, in proportion of financing inputs the firm intends to employ. The method is based on this logic that our average cost of capital so cal and have been appointed only on past experience basis she could have though of Network again. When her immediate boss Desai pointed her mistakes which she never committed and behaved in an occurred manner even after she was appreciated by the owner of Network, instead of ignoring him she could have directly approached the boss and discuss culated may be different from the actual cost of capital. This may lead to wrong capital investment decisions. Historical weights method: the relative proportion of various sources to the existing capital employed by the firm. This is based on the assumption that the firms present capital structure is optimum and it should be maintained in the future also. Target weights: the target weights refer to the proportion in whi ch he firm plans to raise the funds, the firm n the first instance, decides about the shape of the optimal capital structure and the optimal capital structure, but in, the firm intends to shape it as an optimal capital structure. The weights to be used for calculation of WACC can either be based on the book value or the market value of the funds raised from different sources. Book value weights: the weights are said to be book value weights if the proportions of different sources are ascertained on the basis value weights can be easily calculated by taking the relevant information from the capital structure as given in the balance sheet of the firm. The book value a sound weighing system a firm may design its capital structure in terms of as it appears in the balance sheet. Market value weights: in order to calculate the market value weights the firm has to find out the current market each category. However, a problem may arise if there is no market value available for a pa rticular type of security. The advantages of using the market value weights may be: weights are consistent with the concept of maintaining market value capital of the investors required rate of return. weights yield good estimate of the cost of capital that would be incurred additional funds from the market. However, the market value weights suffer from some limitations as follows: Not only of equity share is to be segregated into capital and retained earnings. Are subject to change from time to time and so the concept of optimal capital structure in terms of relevant any longer. External factors will, the investment decision process will be influenced by the external factors. Adding of of all sources of funds to get an overall weighted average cost of capital isk. So, the cost of be defined of supplier of funds i.e. investors.